Aristotle's Unmoved Movers: Logical Reasoning Behind the Number

When discussing the philosophical concepts of motion and divinity, many turn to Aristotle for guidance. One of the most intriguing aspects of his work is the concept of 'unmoved movers.' This article delves into the logical reasoning behind Aristotle's claim that there were 47 or 55 unmoved movers, with a particular emphasis on the initial 55 as mentioned in his Celestial and Terrestrial Physics (Phusika).

Introduction to Aristotelian Celestial and Terrestrial Physics

Before we explore Aristotle's theory of unmoved movers, it's essential to understand his framework for understanding the physical universe. In his work, Phusika, Aristotle discusses the division of the cosmos into two realms: the celestial and the terrestrial. The celestial realm, which includes the stars and planets, is governed by different principles than the terrestrial, or earthly, realm. Aristotle believed that there were special entities in the celestial sphere that acted as 'unmoved movers,' each responsible for the motion and order in its respective sphere.

Understanding the Unmoved Movers

An 'unmoved mover' refers to a being that initiates motion without itself being moved. In Aristotelian thought, these movers are crucial because they are the first cause of motion and the ultimate goal towards which all natural things aspire. Aristotle's claim that there are 55 such movers is supported by his complex cosmological system, which divides the celestial sphere into nested concentric circles, each representing a different mover.

Logical Reasoning and the Number 55

Aristotle's reasoning for the number 55 is not a matter of pure coincidence but is derived from his comprehensive understanding of the cosmos. He believed that each circle or sphere in the celestial hierarchy had a corresponding mover. The nested circles model presents a hierarchical structure where each higher-level mover explains and governs the motion of the spheres below it. This model culminates in the 55th mover, which is the Prime Mover, the ultimate cause of all motion in the universe.

Debunking the Mystical: Thomas Aquinas' Interpretation

While Aristotle's work was foundational, later philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas added their own interpretations. Aquinas took inspiration from Aristotle and posited the existence of a 'First Cause' or 'Prime Mover.' However, this concept is often criticized for its circular reasoning. Critics argue that it begs the question: if the Prime Mover is the first cause, what caused it? Similarly, if a Prime Mover moved another mover, who moved the Prime Mover?

Conclusion

Aristotle's claim that there are 55 unmoved movers is the result of a detailed and logical cosmological model. While his theories have been subject to much scrutiny and criticism, they offer a profound insight into the Aristotelian understanding of the natural world. The number 55 represents the culmination of a hierarchical model where each mover explains the motion of the spheres below it, leading to the ultimate Prime Mover. Despite its limitations, Aristotle's work remains a cornerstone of Western philosophy.

References

[1] Aristotle. Phusika.
[2] Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica.