Why Does the Bible Not Include the Other Fifty Gospels Such as the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of Mary?

The Bible we know today has been meticulously curated over time, with its final canon considered to be the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Yet, the question often arises as to why certain other gospels, such as the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of Mary, did not make the cut. To explore this, we must understand the background and significance of these texts, as well as the criteria used to establish the biblical canon.

Understanding the Non-Canonical Gospels

Firstly, it’s important to clarify that the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of Mary are not actual gospels in the classical sense. They do not represent the oral traditions and teachings that would have been passed down by the disciples of Jesus. Instead, they are far later works, often attributed to Gnostic movements, composed during the early centuries of Christianity. These texts present ideas and narratives that many scholars agree are spurious or heretical, diverging significantly from the core teachings and understanding found in the canonical gospels.

When and How Were These Texts Written?

The Gospel of Judas, for instance, is characteristic of second-century Gnostic beliefs. It was written much later than the 110 AD completion date of the Gospel of John, the latest of the canonical gospels. The text itself is estimated to have been composed in the 2nd century AD, well after the apostolic era. Similarly, the Gospel of Mary, which focuses on the nature of matter and sin, is also believed to have been written in the 2nd century. Both of these texts reflect the theological and philosophical movements of their times but deviate from the established Christian belief in a single, triune God.

Why Were They Not Included in the Bible?

The inclusion of the Canonical Gospels as part of the New Testament was not a matter of chance, but rather the result of careful selection based on several key criteria:

Numerous early manuscripts that provide evidence for their authenticity and widespread circulation. No known debates or controversies disputing their accuracy or authenticity during the time they were in circulation. A strong consensus among early Christian leaders that these gospels were part of the core teaching handed down by the apostles. Alignment with broader Christian doctrine on the divinity of Christ, the resurrection, and other foundational beliefs.

These gospels like the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of Mary, while they may have early origins or interests in particular sects, do not align with these criteria. They offer differing interpretations of Jesus and God, often with dualistic or Gnostic perspectives that diverge sharply from the Christian orthodoxy of the time.

Revelation: The Translation and Commentary of the Gospel of Judas

In a remarkable development, the national Geographic Society announced the completion of the translation of the Gospel of Judas, a text that dates back to approximately the 2nd century AD. This manuscript has been meticulously restored, authenticated, and translated over a five-year project. Despite its age, the document provides us with insights into the mysterious and often misunderstood world of early Christian Gnosticism.

The Isaiah classroom 1: In the introduction, the text states: 'The secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot during a week three days before he celebrated Passover.' The account itself, while fascinating, is a reflection of the beliefs of its authors, rather than authoritative teachings about Jesus. For instance, when Jesus sits with his disciples and laughs over a prayer of thanksgiving, it is framed through the lens of Gnostic theology, emphasizing the secret knowledge that Judas would understand, even if his peers did not.

One of the most significant findings, however, is the unique perspective on Judas, who in early Gnostic texts is portrayed as a seeker of truth, rather than the betrayer we know from the canonical gospels. Understanding this, in turn, suggests that the relationship between Jesus and Judas was more complex and nuanced than the single narrative found in the Bible.

Expert Perspectives: Marvin Meyer and Elaine Pagels

Two notable academics who have delved deeply into the study of these gospels are Marvin Meyer, professor of Bible and Christian studies at Chapman University, and Elaine Pagels, professor of religion at Princeton University.

Meyer and Pagels both offer valuable insights into the mystical nature of these texts. Meyer, as a translator of the Gospel of Judas, has provided a broader linguistic and historical context for understanding these texts. He notes that during translation, significant effort was required to ensure that the ancient text was accurately conveyed in modern language, making it accessible to contemporary readers. Pagels, on the other hand, offers a deeper understanding of the theological and social implications of these gospels, highlighting how they reflect the diverse and often conflicting views within early Christianity.

Examples like the Gospel of Judas and Mary add richness to our understanding of the early Christian world, offering perspectives on the development of Christian thought and practice. Yet, their non-inclusion in the Bible serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining a core orthodox doctrine, which is central to the overall narrative and meaning of Christian traditions.

Conclusion: The Significance of the Canonical Text

The failure to include texts such as the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of Mary in the biblical canon is not about oppression or ignorance, but rather about preserving the theological and doctrinal unity of the Christian faith. These later texts, while historically valuable and culturally important, do not align with the narrative and beliefs that emerged as the core of the Christian tradition over the centuries.

By examining these non-canonical texts, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of the rich complexity of early Christianity and the diverse beliefs that existed even in the formative stages of the religion.