Buddhist Worship in Sinhalese Societies: An Exploration of Deity Worship and Beliefs

The relationship between Sinhalese Buddhists and Hindu deities has been a significant aspect of the religious and cultural landscape of Sri Lanka. While Buddhism itself does not worship deities, the historical and cultural assimilation of Hindu deities into Sinhalese Buddhist practices has been a prominent feature. This article delves into the reasons behind the continued worship of Hindu deities by Sinhalese Buddhists and the symbolic meanings attached to these practices.

Introduction to Sinhalese Buddhism and Hindu Deities

No, Buddhists do not worship Hindu deities. However, the practice of worship among Sinhalese Buddhists and the continued veneration of Hindu deities is a common phenomenon. This is rooted in the historical context and cultural assimilation that has occurred over centuries.

Historical Context of Deity Worship

The worship of Hindu deities among Sinhalese Buddhists can be traced back to the early days of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The first king of Anuradhapura, King Pandukabhaya, established the worship of Vedic gods alongside indigenous 'ancestor gods'. When Buddhism became the state religion around the 2nd century B.C., it was natural that Vedic gods continued to be worshipped. Inscriptions from that period even show names like 'Shiva', 'Sivaka', alongside more common Buddhist names such as 'Aya', 'Arya', and 'Abhaya'.

Evolving Worship Practices

Over time, with the influence of Hinduism under Chola and Chera empires, Hindu deities became more prominent in Sinhalese worship practices. Shrines were built for Hindu gods such as Shiva and Kannagi within the capital and its inner-city. During subsequent eras, many Hindu gods joined the local pantheon, including Vishnu, who absorbed a local sun-god, Uthpala Vanna Velan, who became Katharagma. Similarly, goddess Kannagi became Paththini Amma, the patron goddess of married women and infants, and Ganesha became Ayyanayaka, absorbing local sylvan deities.

Modern Worship Practices and Beliefs

The integration of Hindu deities into Sinhalese Buddhism is not limited to historical practices. Even today, many Sinhalese Buddhists continue to worship Hindu deities, often for practical reasons. For example, during the Dambadeniya period, the Ramayan was translated into Sinhala as Janaki Harana, becoming an instant hit, and Vibhishana, Ravana's brother, became a local god.

There are also local deities that have origins entirely separate from Hinduism. Sumana Saman, the patron god of Adam's Peak, and Dadimunda, the patron of punishment, are examples of such deities. Another notable example is the Seven Bandara gods, who are said to be the retinue of Kannagi. While Buddhism itself does not involve the belief in creationism, Sinhalese Buddhists recognize that these deities, though undeniably divine, do not create the universe, earth, or humanity.

Understanding the Beliefs

The belief in deities in Sinhalese Buddhism is not about the creation of the universe but about the protection and guidance of the community. In the Ratana Sutta, it is mentioned that 'all beings gathered here be kind towards the human beings. They dedicate offerings for you day and night-so in turn, protect them from harm.' This passage emphasizes the idea that deities, though benevolent, do not offer outright help but protect believers from harm.

Some individuals may take this belief to extreme measures, but the core idea is that Sinhalese Buddhists do not pray for enlightenment upon deities. Instead, their ultimate salvation is seen as their responsibility. The concept of self-creation and self-salvation is central to Buddhist beliefs, emphasizing that no god or demon is responsible for what we do, think, or say. This belief is reflected in the idea that individuals are their own creators and saviors.

The Significance of Harvesting Benefits

Another aspect of Hindu deity worship in Sinhalese Buddhism is the idea of harvesting benefits through merit. For example, the phrase 'akasattacha bhummatta deva naga mahiddika-punyam tham anumodhithva' translates to 'may the deities and nagas of heavens above and on earth gain the merits of this deed'. This practice is intended to bring blessings and protection to the believers.

Conclusion and Personal Perspective

While the worship of Hindu deities among Sinhalese Buddhists is a complex and deeply rooted tradition, it is essential to understand the historical and cultural context behind this practice. The belief in deities is more about protection and guidance rather than creation or direct intervention. As a Buddhist, I recognize that my own actions and thoughts determine my destiny. I respect deities for what they are, but I know that my salvation is entirely up to me.

Understanding and respecting this tradition can help foster greater cultural understanding and tolerance between different religious groups in Sri Lanka and beyond. It is a testament to the inclusive and adaptive nature of Sinhalese Buddhism.