Can Someone Forget Their Second Language after Years of Inactivity?

Yes, it is absolutely possible for someone to forget a second language even after mastering it, if they haven't used it for several years. This phenomenon, known as language attrition, occurs when neural pathways associated with a language weaken over time due to lack of practice.

Language Attrition: The Process of Forgetting

Language attrition happens when a person does not engage with a language—whether through speaking, listening, reading, or writing—over a prolonged period. This lack of engagement can lead to difficulties in recalling vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Depending on the individual, the extent of forgetting can vary widely.

Factors Influencing Language Attrition

Frequency of Use

Regular use of a language is crucial for maintaining fluency. The less someone uses their second language, the more their skills tend to deteriorate.

Age

Younger individuals generally have an easier time retaining language skills, but this is not always the case. Factors such as cognitive development and memory also play a significant role.

Language Similarity

If the second language is similar to the primary language, it can be easier to retain. This is often the case for people learning languages within the same family, such as Spanish and Italian.

Cognitive Factors

Individual differences in memory and language aptitude can significantly impact how well someone retains a second language. Some individuals may be better at recalling complex grammatical structures, while others may retain vocabulary more easily.

A Personal Example: From Spanish to English and Back Again

Let me share an anecdote about my son, who grew up learning Spanish as his first language. We lived in an area close to the southern border and were surrounded by the Spanish language from an early age. By the time he was four, his primary language had shifted to English; we even had to speak Spanish with him to ensure he retained his native language.

During a trip to Australia, we suddenly ceased using Spanish, and by the time we returned, he had fully transitioned to English, speaking with a slight accent that sometimes made it easier for others to understand him. After a few days, his Spanish fluency returned, and he was back to speaking both languages proficiently.

Years later, now at 45 and living in North Carolina, my son still identifies himself as fluent in Spanish. This example highlights the resilience of language skills, even after long periods of disuse.

Conclusion

While it is common to forget aspects of a second language after a long period of disuse, many people can regain their proficiency with some practice. The key is to stay engaged with the language and maintain regular use.