Did Brahmins Create Untouchability and Deny Opportunities to Lower Castes?

The question of whether Brahmins created untouchability and denied opportunities to lower castes is a complex and controversial one. To delve into this topic, we must trace the origins of caste stratification and untouchability in Indian society, considering various historical periods and sources.

Origins of Social Stratification

The ancient Varna system, based on professions, predates the appearance of untouchability as an independent concept. Evidence of social stratification is found in various texts of Buddhism and the Mughals, but no explicit mention of untouchability is found in Hindu scriptures.

During the Mughal period, the class system was based on social status, distinguishing between high, middle, and lower classes. The British introduced a caste system that was rigid, birth-based, and divorced from profession and wealth. The earliest mentions of untouchability in written records appear after the Mughal period. This raises the possibility that untouchability was created by outsiders rather than indigenous to Indian society.

Historical Context and Controversies

There are differing views on the origins and development of the caste system. Some argue that it evolved naturally as a means to maintain social order and hygiene. Others contend that it was created or reinforced by those in power, particularly those who had acquired absolute power. According to one theory, during the early stages of urbanization, the need for people to perform menial tasks such as cleaning and waste management emerged. Initially, these tasks were assigned to individuals who had committed crimes, such as theft or murder. As an consequence, these individuals were made to live outside the village.

Over time, as the upper classes sought to maintain social purity and avoid association with those performing such duties, they began to exclude these individuals and their descendants from social and ritual practices. Gradually, these occupational groups adopted surnames and persisted, leading to the formation of the caste system.

Evolving Responsibilities and Misinterpretations

While some believe that the caste system was created to maintain social order, the reality is more nuanced. As the caste system became more entrenched, it led to a rigid social hierarchy where people were divided based on the nature of their professions. Over time, this social division became a hereditary system, emphasizing birth rather than merit or action (karma).

The introduction of reservation policies in modern India has further complicated the debate. While some advocate that caste should be determined by occupation rather than birth, others argue that caste is a persistent social reality that cannot be easily dismantled. The misinterpretation of ancient texts that emphasize birth and not action (karma) has perpetuated this societal structure.

Conclusion

Whether Brahmins or others created untouchability and denied opportunities to lower castes is a matter of historical and sociological debate. It is clear that the caste system has evolved over time, taking on various forms and meanings. Understanding its origins and evolution is crucial for addressing the issues that continue to challenge Indian society today.