Exploring the Dynamics of Secularism in Islamic Countries: Case Studies of Bangladesh and Indonesia

In the ongoing dialogue on the relationship between state and religion, countries like Bangladesh and Indonesia stand as unique case studies. The question, ‘Which constitutionally Islamic countries can turn constitutionally secular in the near future?’ presents a complex and nuanced conversation. Let’s delve into the current realities and future prospects of these two nations.

Secular Bangladesh: Bridging Traditions and Modernity

Bangladesh, often misunderstood as a religious state, continues to affirm its secular heritage. Despite being a majority Muslim country, the nation has steadfastly upheld secular principles. In 2010, the constitution was explicitly reaffirmed to include secularism as a fundamental tenet. The Supreme Court’s ruling in this regard was a clear indication that any attempt to remove secularism from the constitution would be deemed illegal.

This affirmation of secularism is not merely a legal document but a cultural and societal principle deeply ingrained in the Bangladeshi identity. The nation’s cultural blend of Bengali heritage with a diverse religious community exemplifies a society where peace and coexistence are more than just ideals. A significant majority of Bangladeshis, including Muslims, do not follow religious practices strictly, indicating a secular sensibility that transcends religious boundaries.

Indonesia: A Unique Model of Religious Freedom

Unlike Bangladesh, Indonesia presents a more nuanced picture. The archipelagic nation has a vibrant and diverse religious landscape. Indonesia is officially home to six recognized religions, reflecting its inclusive and pluralistic society. While the concept of an Islamic state may seem plausible due to the prevalence of Islam in the country, it’s crucial to note that the legal framework allows for religious freedom.

A notable development in Indonesia is the implementation of Sharia in certain regions, particularly in Aceh province. However, this is a voluntary process and not a nationwide mandate. As of now, only a few provinces have adopted Sharia as part of their local laws. The national legislature, comprising a mix of secular and religious parties, includes groups that prioritize religious values with those that emphasize secular principles. The presence of multiple political parties and their varying ideologies in the current parliament suggests a complex and evolving political landscape.

Challenges and Prospects for Change

The path to changing a constitutional status is fraught with challenges. Both Bangladesh and Indonesia face internal and external pressures. For Bangladesh, the fight against Islamic extremism remains a key challenge, with a hope that by the end of the decade, the situation might improve significantly. On the other hand, Indonesia’s journey towards a more centralized or merged religious and state framework is equally complicated.

It’s important to understand that secularism in these countries is not about controlling religions but about protecting them within the framework of the state. As democratic systems evolve, the principles of the state remain rooted in secular values, even if the official religion is recognized.

Conclusion

While the prospect of these nations becoming constitutionally secular in the Western sense is slim, they are moving towards a more pluralistic identity, respecting all religions and protecting their citizens’ rights. This journey is one of gradual development, with each step forward bringing the state closer to the ideals of equality, freedom, and coexistence.

The dynamics of secularism in Bangladesh and Indonesia are complex and multifaceted. As these nations continue to grow and evolve, they offer invaluable insights into the evolving relationship between state and religion in the 21st century.