Introduction

The Pashtun people constitute a significant ethnic group found predominantly in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with a sizeable population in both countries. Despite this, the term 'Afghan' is often used to describe Pashtuns, even outside the strict political boundaries of the modern state of Afghanistan. This article explores the historical, cultural, linguistic, and political context that explains why Pashtuns are considered Afghans.

Historical Context and Political Boundaries

The term 'Afghan' has a long and storied history in the region, traditionally used by Persians, Turkic people, and others to refer to the Pashtuns. In India, especially in Punjabi regions, they are known as 'Pathans'. The term 'Pashtun' or 'Pakhtun' is more commonly used within the region, reflecting the two main dialects of the Pashto language. However, the evolution of these terms has been marked by political and cultural changes.

Historically, the region encompassing modern Afghanistan was part of larger empires, including the Persians and Mughals. The history of Afghanistan as a distinct political entity is a relatively recent development, dating back to the late 18th century with the foundation of the Durrani Empire by Ahmad Shah Durrani. At this time, the term 'Afghan' was more commonly used to describe the Pashtun people, as seen in the poetry of Ahmad Khan Sadozai, the founder of Afghanistan, where 'Pashtun' and 'Afghan' were used interchangeably, and 'Pashtunkhwa' referred to the entire region.

Nationhood and Citizenship

The concept of nationhood and citizenship in the modern context has further contributed to the complex identity of Pashtuns. Following the establishment of the modern state of Afghanistan in the 19th century, nationality was defined in terms of political affiliation rather than ethnic or linguistic lines. This led to the idea that Pashtuns in both Afghanistan and Pakistan could be considered a single ethnic group, connected by shared history, language, and cultural practices.

Pashtuns in Pakistan, particularly in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the tribal areas, form a significant population. They share a common language, Pashto, and a rich tapestry of cultural practices and tribal affiliations that connect them across geopolitical boundaries. This shared identity plays a crucial role in how they are perceived and how they perceive themselves, leading to their identification as Afghans in a broader ethnic sense rather than exclusive to Afghanistan or Pakistan.

Cultural and Linguistic Ties

The deep-rooted cultural and linguistic ties between Pashtuns in Afghanistan and Pakistan are another factor in their complex identity. The Pashto language, spoken by millions of people in both countries, serves as a unifying force. Pashtuns share common cultural practices, traditions, and values that span across the Durand Line, the arbitrary border established by the British in the 19th century. This shared cultural heritage is further emphasized by the fact that the Pashtun population in Pakistan is about 44 million, while in Afghanistan, it is significantly smaller, at around 10 million.

Despite these clear numerical differences, the Pashtun identity is more nuanced. It is not merely about political boundaries or national citizenship but encompasses a broader sense of ethnic and cultural unity. The term 'Afghan' is used as a reciprocal identifier, acknowledged by Pakistani Pashtuns as much as it is used by Afghan Pashtuns to describe themselves.

Reflections on the Conflict and Future Prospects

The Pashtun identity extends beyond the borders of modern states to embody historical and cultural continuity. The historical pattern of shared rule by various empires, including the Persians, Mughals, and others, underscores the complex interplay of identities and allegiances.

However, the current geopolitical situation in the region is marked by ongoing challenges and conflicts. The aspiration for peace in Afghanistan is shared by all Afghans, regardless of their nationality. The country's ability to achieve enduring peace, stability, and development hinges on the collective efforts of its people and the international community. As minorities seek unity with the majority, it is crucial for all stakeholders to recognize and support the multifaceted Pashtun identity, which transcends political boundaries.

The struggles and aspirations of the Afghan people are deeply resonant with the Pashtun spirit, which is one of resilience, unity, and cultural continuity. It is hoped that through dialogue and understanding, a more peaceful and prosperous future can be realized for all Afghans, including the significant Pashtun population in both Afghanistan and Pakistan.