What is Sardeshmukhi?

Sardeshmukhi is a term with a rich historical and cultural context that varies depending on the specific use within a community. In Indian classical music, it denotes a particular type of raga. Beyond this musical context, sardeshmukhi has been historically associated with various tax systems, most notably with the Maratha Empire during the 18th century.

Historical Context of Sardeshmukhi

The term sardeshmukhi holds significant relevance in the history of the Maratha Empire. It specifically refers to an additional 10% tax over and above the Chauth, a regular tax or tribute imposed by the Maratha Empire.

Chauth and Sardeshmukhi

Chauth is derived from the Sanskrit word meaning one-fourth and was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on the revenue or produce. The sardeshmukhi was an additional 10%, making a total of 35% tax, which would go directly to the king's treasury. This system was established to ensure the safety and stability of the regions that were paying the tax.

Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor, faced a formidable adversary in the form of Chhatrapati Shivaji, a brave and astute Maratha ruler who controlled a significant portion of the Deccan region. Shivaji’s rule and influence were so significant that other kingdoms and regions willingly paid taxes, or tributes, to him to ensure their safety. The Chauth and sardeshmukhi were specifically meant to support and fund Shivaji and the Maratha kingdom.

Sardeshmukhi in Indian Classical Music

While sardeshmukhi is primarily known for its historical and political significance, the term is also utilized in Indian classical music. In this context, a raga known as raga Sardeshmukhi is one of the many compositions that fall under the Indian classical music tradition.

raga Sardeshmukhi

Raga Sardeshmukhi features elements that resonate with the historical and cultural heritage associated with the concept of sardeshmukhi. The raga is often performed during festive occasions and ceremonies, symbolizing unity and collective energy.

Conclusion

The term sardeshmukhi thus captures a dual narrative—historical and cultural. It represents both a complex economic system and a significant element in the rich tapestry of Indian classical music. Understanding the multifaceted nature of sardeshmukhi provides a deeper insight into the historical and cultural framework of the Maratha Empire and the broader Indian subcontinent.