The Ancient City of Madurai: A Journey Through Time and Legends

Madurai, a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, has a rich history that spans more than 2500 years. Its ancient name, often referred to as Mathirai, provides insight into its early architecture and the significance of fortifications in ancient times.

Origins of the Name

The ancient name for Madurai is Mathirai, which means a city surrounded by fortifications. The Tamil language often refers to fortifications as Mathirai, which is derived from the word Madhil, meaning a wall.

Historical Evidence and Inscriptions

Early references to Mathirai can be found in ancient Tamil literature and inscriptions. Tamil epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan notes that Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from the 2nd century BCE mention the city as Matthirai and Madhirai. The city was well-fortified, with a 1764 map of Madurai showing that the city was a fortified town surrounded by walls. This map also illustrates the French siege of the fort in 1764.

Fortifications and Historical Significance

To protect the Pandya capital from sea attacks, massive stones were brought and walls were built around the city. The Koodal name, meaning a walled or fortified city, is also mentioned in early Tamil literature and inscriptions. The city within the large fortifications had smaller forteresses, making it a well-defended hub.

The Legend of Madurai's Naming

A renowned legend from ancient times states that Lord Shiva visited the city and drops of nectar fell from his hair, giving the place the name Madurai, meaning “sweetness” in Tamil. This myth adds a mystical element to the city's history and is often referenced to explain its name.

The Early Settlements and Their Names

{Silappathikaram}, an ancient Tamil literary work, mentions Madurapathy as one of the city's names. The name Madurai is derived from the shortened form of Madurapathy, ending with the letter 'ai', which is common in Tamil city names like Chennai, Kovai, and Korkai.

Archaeological Evidence and Historical Maps

Archaeological evidence from inscriptions and historical maps supports the idea of Madurai's ancient fortifications and its strategic importance. The 1764 map of Madurai by the French shows the elaborate city walls, providing visual evidence of the city's defensive structures.

Conclusion

Madurai, with its deep-rooted history and rich cultural heritage, stands as a testament to its ancient foundations. The name Madurai and its various earlier forms, such as Mathirai, reflect the city's transformation over centuries, emphasizing its importance as a walled fortified city and a cultural hub in ancient India.

Further Reading and Resources

For those interested in learning more about the history of Madurai, we recommend exploring the following resources:

Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions Silappathikaram Ancient Tamil Literature Historical Maps of Madurai