The Cherokee Nation: A Case Study in Culture and Civilization in Pre-American History
The Cherokee Nation: A Case Study in Culture and Civilization in Pre-American History
Introduction
Before European colonizers set foot on the continent, indigenous communities like the Cherokee thrived with an intricate network of towns and trade systems. In this article, we will explore how the Cherokee nation was recognized as a 'civilized' people, what this really meant, and the impact of cultural assimilation and coexistence with European settlers.
Cherokee Society and Adaptation
Before European influence, the Cherokee were predominantly a tribe of towns. They conducted trade with neighboring communities, including Scots-Irish traders, and even adapted to some extent, as evidenced by their ability to trade animal hides and endure famines by managing resources sustainably. This adaptability allowed the Cherokee to navigate changing circumstances, including the expansion of European settlers.
Adapting to European Laws and Customs
The Cherokee faced early challenges, such as the inability to use the European court system. However, they learned to educate their children in the English language, adopted Christian religions, and established schools. These actions facilitated their ability to engage effectively with European laws and customs through the appellate court system.
The 'Five Civilized Tribes'
The term 'Five Civilized Tribes' refers to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. They are characterized by their ability to integrate western practices and integrate them into their own. Their strategic assimilation into European culture was a key factor in their survival. By adopting western practices, the Five Civilized Tribes were able to achieve legal rights, economic stability, and educational development.
The Significance of Cultural Advancements
The recognition of the Cherokee as a 'civilized' people is often attributed to their cultural advancements. Notably, the Cherokee were among the first indigenous peoples in North America to have a written language. Additionally, they developed sophisticated agricultural practices, a complex legal system, and even elected leaders.
Educating the Future
Education was a critical aspect of the Cherokee effort to become 'civilized'. They established schools and universities, including the first tribal school in west Georgia, which provided a rigorous education in both Cherokee and English. The Cherokee Male Seminary, established by John Ross in 1851, was one such institution that played a vital role in their educational and intellectual advancement.
Social and Economic Transformation
The Cherokee's adoption of European social structures, economic models, and legal frameworks was not without its challenges. One of the most significant transformations was in the realm of slavery. The Cherokee adapted a form of slavery that was originally socialistic, whereby indigenous Americans helped "their slaves." However, European influences turned this into a more abusive system, reflecting the same practices of white Americans. This transformation was a sign of cultural adaptation but also a reflection of the harsh realities of colonialism.
Conclusion
The recognition of the Cherokee as a 'civilized' people is multifaceted and complex. It involved cultural, educational, and economic transformations that allowed them to maintain sovereignty and adapt to new circumstances. However, it also meant navigating colonial powers and integrating systems that had the potential to be exploitative. Understanding this historical context provides valuable insights into the broader narratives of indigenous and colonial relations in North America.