The Enigma of King Ravana: Ten-Headed Ruler of Lanka

Ravana, the ten-headed king of ancient Lanka, is one of the most powerful and intriguing figures in Hindu mythology, as described in the epic Ramayana. This article delves into the origins, traits, and achievements of this formidable king.

Origins and Names

According to the Ramayana, Ravana's real name was Dashanana, which translates to 'ten-headed' from Sanskrit. He was the son of Visravas and the demon princess Kaikasi. Ravana's distinctive name, Dasagriva or dasakantha, means 'one with ten throats' or 'one with ten necks.'

There is a myth that when Ravana tried to lift the Kaivalya mountain, he was pressed under it by Lord Rudra, causing him immense pain. The Sanskrit word for 'yelling' is 'ravam,' and this sound is what bestowed Ravana his name. Before he was called Ravana, he was known as Dasakantha.

Public Image and Legacy

At a time when Ravana bore sway over a significant part of ancient India, including Mount Kailas, he was not just a conqueror but also a learned and pious man. He carried off Princess Sita, the wife of Lord Rama, as a war prize, but treated her with great courtesy, decorum, and respect.

Dynasty and Lineage

According to the Valmiki Ramayan, Ravana was from the lineage of Sage Pulastya. His father, Vishrava, was a sage, while his mother, Kaikasi, was a rakshasi. Ravana's grandfather, Pulastya, taught him about the Vedas and Upanishads, making him a great scholar and ruler.

Some interesting historical claims suggest that the Sachora Brahmins of Gujarat and some Saraswat Brahmins of Mathura also trace their ancestry back to Ravana. This connection to ancient spiritual lineages adds depth to Ravana's legacy in Hindu culture.

Symbolism and Achievements

Ravana is often depicted with ten heads, but sometimes he is shown with nine, as he cut one off to convince Lord Shiva of his dedication. He is described as a devout follower of Lord Shiva, a great scholar, and a capable ruler. Ravana was also known for his musical talent, playing the Veena with mastery.

In addition to his leadership and spiritual knowledge, Ravana is also credited with authoring two important books: the Ravana Samhita, a treatise on Hindu astrology, and the Arka Prakasham, a book on Sidhha medicine. He possessed profound knowledge in Sidhha and political science, and it is even said that he retained the nectar of immortality inside his belly due to a celestial boon from Lord Brahma.

Legacy in Ancient Lanka and Influence on Indian Epics

According to the Ramayana, Ravana was the eldest son of Sage Vishrava and Kaikasi. When Sita, the wife of Rama, was abducted, Rama gathered his vanara allies and launched an invasion against Ravana's kingdom of Lanka. Ultimately, Rama defeated and killed Ravana, rescuing Sita.

The portrayal of Ravana in Hindu literature and culture reflects a complex mix of fear, respect, and admiration. While he is often depicted as an adversary in epic stories, his influence and legend continue to live on, highlighting the enduring significance of this ten-headed king in Indian mythology.