The Evolution of Portuguese Family Names: From Tradition to Law

The use of family names in Portuguese culture has a long and complex history, marked by significant changes over the centuries. From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, the way Portuguese people used family names was anything but straightforward. This article delves into the history of Portuguese family names, focusing on when and how the current system of using two surnames emerged.

Early Use of Family Names

Even in the Middle Ages, when patronymics (names derived from the father’s name) were more common, the use of multiple family names began to emerge. By the 17th and 18th centuries, it was not uncommon for noble families to use several surnames. However, the standard pattern of using two surnames, one maternal and one paternal, was not universal until the mid-20th century.

Traditional Patterns of Surname Transmission

For many centuries, the traditional pattern was that daughters inherited their mother's surnames while sons inherited their father's surnames. This flexible system allowed for a wide variety of surname combinations. Children could bear only the mother’s name, only the father’s name, both names, or even a name from a grandparent, uncle, or even a godparent. Siblings often had different combinations and the number of surnames used could vary widely. Having just one surname was not unusual.

Introduction of Legal Standards

The relatively recent codification of the use of two surnames, with the paternal surname being the last, came during the Estado Novo dictatorship, led by António de Oliveira Salazar. This change was ironic, given that Salazar's own surname came from his mother, as his father was simply Mr. Oliveira and his mother was Mrs. Salazar. This new law made it mandatory for the paternal surname to come last, highlighting the importance of the father's name in Portuguese culture.

Modern Trends in Surname Usage

While the law specifying the use of two surnames is no longer in effect, the typical pattern of using half maternal surnames followed by half paternal surnames has become widespread in recent decades. This evolution reflects a balance between traditional and modern inheritance practices.

Adoption of New Customs

During this period, another significant change occurred: the practice of a wife taking her husband's surname became more common. Although this was a foreign concept to many Portuguese people, it became semi-mandatory during the Estado Novo period.

In conclusion, the use of family names in Portugal has undergone a significant transformation over the centuries. From the flexible and chaotic system of the Middle Ages to the more structured approach of the mid-20th century, the way Portuguese people use family names reflects the broader societal and cultural changes that have shaped the country. This journey demonstrates the dynamic nature of cultural practices and the influence of both tradition and law on family naming conventions.