The Evolution of Tokyo: When Did It Become Overpopulated?

Tokyo, often associated with conglomerations of skyscrapers and an endless hustle, is often discussed in the same context as other global megacities like London, New York, or Bangkok. However, comparing Tokyo to these cities can be misleading, as different districts within each of these sprawling urban centers have varying degrees of population density.

Historical Context and Early Growth

The journey of Tokyo towards a densely populated city began long before it became a modern metropolis. During the Edo period (1603-1868), when Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city the central hub for his administrative rule, the city's growth was already underway. The sankin kotoai system, a practice requiring samurai and daimyo to reside in Edo for certain periods, played a crucial role in boosting the city's population and transforming it from a minor fishing village into a thriving hub of services and trade.

The Shift to Tokyo: 1930s Onwards

The significant shift to Tokyo's prominence as a major economic and cultural center began in the 1930s. Prior to this period, Kansai, with Osaka as its hub, was the economic and cultural powerhouse of Japan. Major companies, banks, and newspapers were based in Osaka, a city known for its business acumen and industrial prowess.

However, the rise of militarism in the early 20th century and the associated economic controls led to a major shift towards Tokyo. Militaristic policies and related economic measures accelerated the flow of people and resources to the capital. This was further exacerbated by the American Occupation following World War II, which saw the establishment of significant American military facilities in and around Tokyo.

Even as recently as the early 1970s, when I arrived in Japan, there were scattered American military installations within Tokyo and its surrounding suburbs. This continued integration and development of the area solidified Tokyo's status as a global city, but it also led to some of the same pressures associated with overpopulation that other dense urban areas face.

Comparing Tokyo to Other Cities

Contrary to the narrative of Tokyo being overpopulated, certain areas of Bangkok often make the crowded sections of Tokyo seem less dense. This comparison highlights the complexity of urban density and growth. While Tokyo has indeed grown significantly, its expansion and development have been gradual and in sync with its historical progression as a centralized administrative and economic hub.

Conclusion

In summary, the transformation of Tokyo from a small fishing village to a globally recognized city with a population of over 13 million people is a result of deliberate and historical urban planning, significant socio-political shifts, and strategic global positioning. Tokyo's growth trajectory is rich with layers of historical context, making it a fascinating case study in urban development and population change. Its rise to prominence and subsequent challenges related to density and urbanization are reflective of broader global trends in population dynamics and city planning.