The Formation of Caste in Ancient India: An Analysis of Rulers and Communities

The caste system, deeply rooted in Indian society, has been a subject of much debate. While some attribute its origin to religion and Brahmins, the evidence points towards a more complex interplay of historical events, including invasions and the decisions of ancient rulers.

Roles of Ancient Rulers in Caste Formation

In ancient times, the formation of castes was often a strategic decision made by kings and empires. For example, when an emperor defeated another country in an invasion, a section of his victorious army would often remain in the occupied territory. This isolated group, brought in from a different dialect and cultural background, would eventually form a caste separate from the native population (as seen with the Narikkuravas, subsequently known as the Kurivikkarar Sakkilyar).

Similarly, native settlers brought into conquered lands by victorious empires also contributed to the formation of new castes. For instance, settlers from Saurashtra and the Otters in Tamil Nadu illustrate this trend. This trend was not limited to empires; even during the invasions led by Chola, Pandya, and Kongu kings, new castes emerged among their divided and isolated troops.

The Independent Selection of Profession and Caste Affiliation

Profession played a significant role in caste affiliation. An individual might choose a profession freely, which could lead to a departure from caste ties, as evidenced by historical figures like Valmiki Vishwamitra and Vyasa, who moved out of their original castes.

On the other hand, hereditary professions could perpetuate caste boundaries. For example, a community engaging in a profession from generation to generation would adhere to caste structures, as is evident today in many occupations across India.

Sociopolitical and Cultural Factors

The socio-political and cultural background of a society remains the primary determinant of its progress or regression. Religion, while important, does not solely create caste systems. Instead, it permeates and influences all forms of social evolution. The purpose of religion is not always social reform, which leads to the existence of numerous castes within Christianity and other religions as well.

Veeravarayar (EVR) Periyar, a notable advocate for social reform, often criticized Hinduism and Brahmins for creating the caste system. However, this claim is not supported by solid evidence. The real driving forces behind caste creation were the people and the rulers who settled these individuals in various regions.

Case Studies: Paraiyars, Pallars, and Arundhathiyars

Consider the Paraiyars. Despite their wide distribution across Tamil Nadu, most still live in the Thondai Nadu region, historically under Pallava and Chola rule. Their presence in other parts of Tamil Nadu likely spread through the established armed forces of these empires, indicating that rulers played a crucial role in caste creation.

Similar is the case with the Pallars, who are found in the Kongu region due to their presence in the later Pandyan armed forces. Likewise, Andhras, Sakkiliyars, and Arundhathiyars could only settle in Tamil Nadu as part of the invading armies led by Kannada Muttaraiya Bana and Vijayanagar rulers, thereby influencing the social structure and the creation of new castes.

Political Representation of Dalit Castes

In Tamil Nadu, there are three major Dalit castes. The Parayar caste, predominantly found in the northern and central parts of the state, is represented politically by the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK), led by Thirumavalavan. Pallars, associated with Devendra Kula Vellalar, are established in the south and coastal delta districts, with the Puthiya Tamilagam (PT) led by Dr Krishnaswamy as their representative.

The Arundhathiyars, being much smaller in number, lack a similar political outfit. Both the VCK and PT have fairly established political party structures and are active throughout the year. This political representation underscores the impact of ancient rulers and the historical evolution of these castes.

In conclusion, the caste system in India has a rich and multifaceted history, shaped by the decisions and actions of rulers and communities through various historical events. The evidence suggests that ancient rulers, rather than Hinduism or Brahmins alone, were the primary forces behind the formation of caste systems.