The Legend and History of Ashoka’s Second Queen, Karuwaki

Introduction

The historical record of the Mauryan Empire is rich with stories of kings, their conquests, and their queens. Among the many queens of Ashoka Maurya, one figure shrouded in mystery is Karuwaki, also known as Kaurwaki or Charuwaki. This text explores the historical context of her life, the theory surrounding her meeting with Ashoka, and the role she played in Kalinga.

The Name Dispute: Karuwaki Versus Kaurwaki

The title of Karuwaki has been a subject of debate among scholars and historians. Based on deciphered inscriptions, some believe that she was Ashoka’s second wife. This theory is backed by the inscription on the Allahabad Pillar, where she is referred to as the Queen of Devanampiya Piyadassi and mentioned as the mother of Prince Tivala.

The Misconception About Kalinga

Contrary to popular belief, Kaurwaki does not seem to have any significant association with Kalinga, contrary to what many movies and novels suggest. The portrayal of her as a princess from Kalinga or a fisherman’s daughter serves the purpose of adding excitement to entertainment endeavors. However, this portrayal is a far cry from historical accuracy. It is essential to note that the concept of Kalinga being the source of Kaurwaki's origin is a popular misconception that adds a layer of intrigue but lacks factual grounding.

Theories about Kaurwaki

Various texts present different theories about Kaurwaki. Movies like Ashoka often depict a romantic encounter between Ashoka and Kaurwaki. However, these depictions do not align with historical records. The reality suggests that Kaurwaki might have been a princess of Kalinga, but she led an administration in Kalinga due to her son's youth. Ashoka invaded Kalinga, and Kaurwaki commanded an army against him. Though Kalinga was defeated, Kaurwaki was taken as a captive.

According to some historical texts and inscriptions, it is speculated that Ashoka was captivated by Kaurwaki's beauty, leading to their eventual marriage. However, the exact truth, if there is one, remains shrouded in the mists of history. Nevertheless, defying the odds, the name of Karuwaki endures thanks to the inscriptions like the Allahabad Pillar, which has helped preserve her legacy.

Theological Connections and Modern Scholarship

Noteworthily, Dr. Romila Thapar, a renowned historian, proposed the hypothesis that Kaurwaki could be the same as Tishyarakshita, the second chief queen of Ashoka. However, this theory is met with skepticism. Tishyarakshita is believed to have resided in Patliputra, the capital of the Mauryan Empire, rather than Kaushambi, the proposed residence of Kaurwaki. Hence, the idea that Kaurwaki and Tishyarakshita were the same person is highly questionable.

The Legacy of Karuwaki

Despite the lack of concrete evidence linking Kaurwaki to Tishyarakshita, she is remembered for her charitable deeds. Ashoka or Kaurwaki herself ordered that her charitable works be recorded under her name. This legacy of compassion and social welfare is a significant part of Kaurwaki’s historical footprint.

Conclusion

The story of Kaurwaki, or Karuwaki, encapsulates the complex blend of historical facts and romantic legends. While her exact role and relationship with Ashoka remain enigmatic, her contributions to Kalinga and her eventual marriage to Ashoka are more than just fairy tales. The inscriptions and historic records provide a glimpse into the life of a remarkable woman who lived in the shadow of one of history’s most celebrated rulers.