The Role of Social Stratification in Organizing Society

Social stratification, the hierarchical organization of individuals and groups, is a fundamental aspect of human societies. It is often argued that social stratification is essential for the effective functioning of society. This article explores the psychological and biological underpinnings of social stratification, and how it relates to abstract and concrete thinking.

Psychological Foundations of Social Stratification

Recent studies have shown that social hierarchy preference is closely linked with cognitive effort and mental states. In six empirical studies, Van Berkel et al. (2015) examined the impact of cognitive load on the endorsement of social hierarchy. Across these studies, they found that low-effort thinking increased preference for hierarchical structures and reduced endorsement of egalitarianism.

For instance, in Study 1, blood alcohol content among bar patrons was positively correlated with hierarchy preference. In Study 2, increased cognitive load led to a greater emphasis on authority and hierarchy. These findings suggest that when mental effort is impaired, there is a natural inclination towards a strict social hierarchy.

The Impact of Concrete vs. Abstract Thinking

Abstract thinking is crucial for sustaining egalitarian attitudes. Conversely, a more concrete mindset can lead to cognitive dissonance and destructive behaviors. A study by Aguilar et al. (2020) demonstrated that individuals with more concrete thinking styles, as measured by lower D scores on an implicit association test, are more prone to biases, hindsights, and prejudiced behaviors.

For example, individuals with a more concrete mindset might associate a black face more readily with crime, even when such an association is unjustified. In contrast, abstract thinkers have a larger prefrontal cortex, allowing them to override impulses and act more mindfully, based on reasoned thought rather than automatic responses.

Genetic and Neurological Influences

The S-allele (which confers higher brain serotonin levels) is linked to better cognitive flexibility and reduced amygdala reactivity. S-allele carriers were found to have lower D scores, indicating better task-switching abilities. This suggests that those with higher serotonin levels are better equipped to navigate complex moral and social situations through reasoning rather than relying solely on instinctual responses.

However, individuals with the L-allele (which confers lower brain serotonin levels) have a larger dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which can help them in tasks requiring sustained cognitive effort. Yet, they may experience slower reaction times as they override implicit responses with more deliberate thought.

Implications for Cultural and Social Organization

Cultures where individuals have a more concrete thinking style tend to be more rigid in nature, with strict social norms and higher penalties for deviant behavior. Conversely, cultures with more abstract thinking styles tend to have lower social tightness and more negotiable social norms.

For instance, the bonobo, a less hierarchical primate, outperforms the chimpanzee in tests requiring abstract thinking like “theory of mind.” This reflects a more contemplative approach to social and moral issues, reducing the exploitation bias often seen in hierarchical societies.

Conclusion

While social stratification is a natural outcome of cognitive limitations and effects of genetics, it does not necessarily mean it is a constant or desirable feature of society. Societies with more abstract thinking tend to be more egalitarian and organized meaningfully in the absence of strict hierarchical structures. Encouraging abstract thinking through education and cognitive exercises can help societies move towards a more balanced and inclusive organizational structure.