Ukrainians and Ruthenians: Identity Changes During the Russian Empire

The question of whether Ukrainians referred to themselves as Ukrainians or Ruthenians during the Russian Empire is a complex one, intertwined with political, cultural, and historical factors. This article explores the transition of identity among Ukrainians and Belarusians, focusing on key events and historical documents that illustrate this transition.

Introduction to Ukrainian Identity

The history of Ukrainian identity is closely linked to the concept of Ruthenians, a term that encompassed both Ukrainians and Belarusians during the Russian Empire. Ruthenians faced significant challenges in affirming their distinct national identities. However, historical documents, such as V. Kochubei's denunciation to Peter I, hint at the evolving self-identification of these groups.

Denunciation and National Identity

One of the earliest documents contributing to our understanding of this transition is V. Kochubei's denunciation to Peter I, which includes a song attributed to Hetman Mazepa. This piece, although written in old Ukrainian, provides insight into the social and political context of the time. The song reflects the deep divisions and struggles faced by the Ruthenians, expressing a sense of unity and longing for independence. Here is an excerpt:

"ДУМА ПАНА ГЕТЬМАНА МАЗЕПИ В ЯКЙ ЗНАЧНЕ ПРОТИ ДЕРЖАВИ ВЕЛИКОГО ГОСУДАРЯ": - Вс покою щиро прагнуть, - а не в ден гуж [вс] тягнуть: - Той направо той налво, - а все браття тото диво! - Нема ж любви нема ж згоди, - Од Жовто взявши Води 23. - През незгоду вс пропали, - Сам себе звоювали. - Ей братища пора знати, - що не всм нам пановати, - не всм дано все знати, - 1 речами керовати!"

The Shift from Ruthenians to Ukrainians and Belarusians

During the Russian Empire, the term 'Ruthenians' was commonly used to describe both Ukrainians and Belarusians. However, by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Ukrainians began to assert their distinct identity as Ukrainians, while Belarusians developed a stronger Belarusian identity. The reasons for this transition were multifaceted, including political, social, and cultural factors.

Political and Social Factors

The political and social changes of the late 19th century played a significant role in the identity transition. The rise of national movements and the growth of nationalist ideologies began to reshape the self-perception of these groups. For instance, the Hromada movement in Ukraine and similar movements in Belarus pushed for greater autonomy and national recognition.

Cultural Development

Cultural developments, such as literature, education, and the arts, also contributed to the emergence of distinct Ukrainian and Belarusian identities. Writers like Taras Shevchenko and Markievich played crucial roles in promoting and shaping national consciousness. Their works celebrated the unique heritage and traditions of their respective regions, fostering a sense of cultural and national distinctiveness.

Conclusion

The transition from Ruthenians to Ukrainians and Belarusians was a gradual process influenced by various socio-political and cultural factors. While the term Ruthenian was widely used during the Russian Empire, the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of distinct national identities that assert their unique cultural and historical heritage. Understanding this evolution provides valuable insights into the complex history of national identity in Eastern Europe.