Understanding Caste Discrimination in India: A Societal and Structural Analysis

Caste discrimination in India remains a persistent issue, affecting the daily lives of millions of individuals, particularly Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). According to a Dalit IAS officer, the system not only targets individuals but also persistently impacts their career trajectories and future opportunities.

Structure of Discrimination at the Top Echelons

Even among the most elite positions, such as in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), caste discrimination is alive and well. A Dalit IAS officer explains that despite their academic qualifications and merit, they often face insurmountable challenges. These challenges arise from the Annual Confidential Appraisal (ACA) process, where superiors deliberately write remarks that prevent candidates from crossing the eligibility bar for the next promotion. Superiors leave negative remarks intentionally vague to avoid them being too harsh for promotion consideration.

The Role of Affirmative Actions and Patronage

When a Dalit IAS officer who is part of a minority or miniscule upper castes (UC) receives negative feedback, other UC officers often step in to boost their ACR (Annual Confidential Report). Even if such officers underperform, their career paths remain clear, and they can secure promotions on time, overlooking other candidates. This form of patronage often leads to a skewed distribution of leadership roles, with Forward Caste (FC) individuals occupying the top-secretarial positions.

The Impact on Lower Social Classes

The same system of discrimination extends to the private sector as well. However, proving cases of discrimination presents a significant challenge. Despite this, evidence of ongoing societal and institutional discrimination is abundant. For instance, until about 25-30 years ago, it was common for Dalits to be prevented from accessing well water or receiving barber services. Alongside, cases of Dalits being segregated in schools and not allowed to use certain village roads were prevalent. While these acts of untouchability have significantly declined, particularly in southern India, discrimination continues, albeit in different forms.

Form of Social Tolerance vs. Discrimination

While forms of untouchability, such as denying access to water or services, have decreased, more subtle forms of discrimination persist. In many parts of India, including South India, there are instances of people refusing to eat with Dalits or allowing them into their homes, even if they are friends. Furthermore, Dalits often face discrimination in academic institutions, in finding rental housing, and are disproportionately assigned the worst jobs in society.

Conclusion: A Call for Change

The lingering impact of caste discrimination in India cannot be understated. Despite numerous efforts towards social reform, this issue remains deeply ingrained in society, with significant implications for social mobility and equality. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes legislative changes, social awareness, and inclusive hiring practices. Through sustained efforts, it is possible to create a more equitable society for all individuals in India.