Understanding Columbus Day: A Federal Holiday Explained

On the second Monday in October, the United States recognizes a federal holiday that bears a significant historical event. This holiday, Columbus Day, marks the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus, an explorer from Italy, to the New World. This day is a solemn occasion for many, marking the beginning of cultural exchange and interaction between European cultures and the indigenous populations of the Americas. However, the observance and significance of Columbus Day are multifaceted and continue to be a topic of debate.

What is Columbus Day?

Columbus Day is a federal holiday in the United States, established by the U.S. Congress in 1937. The purpose of the holiday is to commemorate the landing of Christopher Columbus in the New World. While the exact date of Columbus's arrival is disputed, the holiday has been a subject of celebration and controversy throughout history.

How is Columbus Day Celebrated?

Federal Observance: Columbus Day is a federal holiday. This means that federal employees have the day off, and most government offices and post offices are closed. The U.S. Postal Service also does not offer mail delivery service on this day.

State and Local Observance: The observance of Columbus Day can vary by state. In some states, it is celebrated as a public holiday, meaning state and local government employees also get the day off. In other states, it may not be a paid holiday. For example, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and South Dakota do not recognize Columbus Day as a state holiday. In Oklahoma, it is celebrated as Indigenous People's Day. In Minnesota, it is known as Indigenous Peoples' Day, a shift in focus to recognize the indigenous populations.

Private Sector: Columbus Day is generally not a paid holiday for the private sector. Most banks close, but this doesn't apply to all industries. Private companies often determine whether to offer a paid holiday based on their organizational culture and policies. Some businesses may choose to observe the day as part of their newfound cultural awareness, while others may not recognize it at all.

Why Is Columbus Day Controversial?

The debate over Columbus Day centers around the impact of Christopher Columbus's arrival on the indigenous populations of the Americas. It is widely recognized that his expedition set off a chain of events that lead to the eventual colonization of the Americas, which often involved the displacement and exploitation of indigenous peoples. Critics argue that the holiday glorifies an event that had devastating effects on the native inhabitants.

Historians and societies in various cities and states have pushed for changes to the holiday, suggesting alternatives such as Indigenous People's Day or Dia de la Raza, which celebrates the cultural diversity brought about by the European arrival in the Americas. These changes aim to shift the focus to the broader narrative of cultural exchange and indigenous contributions, rather than honoring Columbus as a sole figure.

Conclusion

Columbus Day remains a complex and evolving observance in the United States. While it is recognized as a federal holiday, its celebration and significance vary widely depending on the state and the broader societal context. As we continue to grapple with the legacy of the American past, the holiday serves as a reminder of the importance of historical awareness and the need for inclusive storytelling.

Additional Resources

- Columbus Day National Archives - Commemorating Columbus, Celebrating Nationality: The U.S. Postal Service's First Columbus Day Stamps Library of Congress - Columbus Day and Other Holidays on the Federal Calendar