Who is the Best Philosopher on Ethics: A Comprehensive Review

When it comes to the field of ethics, several thinkers have left indelible marks on the history of philosophy. In this article, we will explore some of the key figures and their contributions, culminating in a discussion of Baruch Spinoza, the author's personal choice for the greatest ethicist. We will also delve into the works and theories of other prominent philosophers like Plato, Augustine, Kant, and C.S. Lewis, providing a comprehensive overview of the core concepts and debates in ethical philosophy.

Plato: The Republic (427-347 BCE)

One of the earliest and most influential rationalist theories of ethics can be found in Plato's The Republic. This seminal work explores the concept of justice and its broader ramifications within society. Plato argues that something is good when it contributes to the balance and harmony of both an individual's mind and the external world. This idea not only shapes the individual but also the collective, ensuring that one is in balance with societal norms and expectations. This theory is not just confined within the pages of The Republic, but is a central theme that readers must engage with to truly understand the nature of ethics.

Augustine: Morality and Christianity (354-430 CE)

Augustine of Hippo's contributions to the field of ethics are immense, particularly within the Christian framework. According to Augustine, goodness is understood as the act of loving in the manner of God. This quote, 'x is good means x is the loving thing to do—in the way God loves,' encapsulates his philosophy. While Augustine is often synonymous with his popular work The Confessions, his ethical ideas are intricately woven throughout his entire corpus of writings. The philosophy textbook The Great Conversation by Norman Melchert offers a coherent and accessible compilation of Augustine’s ethical theories, making it a valuable resource for anyone seeking to explore this profound thinker.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theology and Ethics (1906-1945)

Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a beloved 20th-century pastor and theologian, brings a distinct flavor to the realm of ethics. In his works, Bonhoeffer emphasizes discipleship as the essence of goodness. He argues that 'x is good means being teachable by the faith we choose.' Bonhoeffer's ethical theories are not just limited to religious contexts, but they can also be applied to secular philosophies, making his works universally relevant. Bonhoeffer's trenchant scholarship and practical understanding of faith make his ethical theories both intellectually challenging and spiritually enriching.

Immanuel Kant: The Categorical Imperative (1724-1804)

Immanuel Kant is a philosophical giant whose enduring influence on ethics remains significant. Kant posits that 'x is good means x is fair and respectful to persons.' His theory is not just a directive but a categorical imperative, a universal ethical principle that must be followed regardless of individual circumstances. Kant's contributions to ethics include a practical test for fairness and respectfulness in various situations. His work also addresses the issue of cruelty to animals, asserting that such actions are morally wrong as they harm the moral character of the person committing them. Kant's theories are foundational to modern ethical discourse and are explored in popular books by C.S. Lewis, who helped to popularize Kantian ethics for a broader audience.

The Role of Ethics in Society

While many ethical theories seek to explain away the spiritual or religious dimensions of ethics, some reject these aspects altogether. Such theories, often referred to as "naturalistic ethics," seek to define goodness through identifiable, observable phenomena. These include cultural relativism, egoism, subjectivism, and bully-ethics, which claim that 'x is good means x is approved by society,' 'x is in my interest,' 'x is what I approve,' or 'x is determined by who is strongest.' These approaches are criticized for their reductionist nature and lack of ethical depth. The role of ethics lies in helping us rise above such baser instincts and align our actions with higher moral principles.

Moore and the Nature of Goodness

Another peculiar ethical theory is attributed to G.E. Moore, whose work is encapsulated in The Principia Ethica. Moore argues that 'x is good means x has that quality or property that we call good.' His theory, while elegant, is often misunderstood, which is perhaps why it remains less popular in contemporary discussions. Moore's talent for expressing what people think cannot be articulated is a testament to the depth of his philosophical insights.

Aristotle and Character Ethics

Aristotle's ethical theories, which form the basis of Catholic teaching as articulated by St. Thomas Aquinas, are rooted in a broader philosophical system. Aristotle posits that the goodness of an act is generated through the goodness of character that produces it. This theory, while profound, is only fully comprehensible within the context of Aristotle's entire philosophical framework. Understanding Aristotle's ethics requires a broad and nuanced approach, which includes his metaphysics, epistemology, and political philosophy.

Conclusion: Spinoza and the Greatest Ethicist

After exploring the works of these influential philosophers, one comes to the conclusion that Baruch Spinoza stands out as the greatest ethicist. His magnum opus, although neglected by many, provides a comprehensive moral philosophy rooted in rationalism. Spinoza's emphasis on the balance and coherence of mind and society aligns with the broader ethical goals of many of the other philosophers discussed in this article. While each philosopher contributes unique insights into the nature of goodness and ethical behavior, Spinoza's rational approach offers a universal framework that can be applied across diverse contexts.