Why Do Some Iranians Insist on Being Called Persian and Dislike Being Called Iranian?

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There is often an ongoing debate among Iranians regarding the terms 'Persian' and 'Iranian' – some prefer one over the other, and the reasons behind these preferences can be deeply rooted in cultural and historical contexts. This article aims to explore the nuances of these terms and their significance in modern Iran.

Understanding the Terminology

Persian vs. Iranian: Persian is an older classical label that has deep historical roots, going back to antiquity. However, 'Iranian' is a civic identity that encompasses a more contemporary and inclusive definition of national identity.

Simply put, all Persians are Iranians, but not all Iranians are Persians. Ethnicities like Kurds, Azeris, Arabs, and Baloch form a part of Iran's rich cultural tapestry. The term 'Persian' often carries connotations of a certain ethnic identity, whereas 'Iranian' can be viewed more broadly as a citizen of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Historical Context

Persia to Iran: Persia, the historical name for the region known today as Iran, has a complex historical identity. The term 'Persian' is often associated with the ancient Achaemenid Empire, which ruled over much of the Middle East and beyond. The name 'Iran' was officially adopted in 1935 by Reza Shah, the founder of the Persian Empire (Pahlavi Dynasty), although it had been in use since 1925.

The term 'Iran' is derived from 'Aryana' or 'Arya,' which has ancient roots and is also the name used in the Avesta, an ancient religious text of Zoroastrianism. This linguistic connection is significant to many Iranians, who see themselves as descendants of the Aryans.

Identity and Nationalism

Nationalistic Sentiment: Some right-wing and nationalistic Iranians prefer the term 'Persian,' associating it with a more romantic and historical image. These individuals often emphasize the cultural and linguistic heritage tied to the Achaemenid Empire, which is a symbol of grandeur and power. However, using 'Persian' can sometimes be seen as exclusionary, as it excludes other ethnic groups within Iran.

Inclusive Identity: On the other hand, 'Iranian' is more inclusive and aligns with the modern, secular state. It represents the diverse and multicultural fabric of Iran's society, recognizing the contributions of all ethnicities to the nation's identity. The use of 'Iranian' is more about a shared civic identity that transcends ethnic boundaries, embracing the commonalities of citizenship and nationality.

Religious and Political Dynamics

Broad vs. Narrow Interpretations: The term 'Iranian' is favored by many secular and moderate Iranians, as it is less likely to be associated with narrow religious or political ideologies. Historically, Iran has had a diverse religious makeup, with significant Shi'ite, Sunni, and Zoroastrian populations. The term 'Iranian' does not single out any particular group, making it more universally acceptable.

However, 'Persian' can be seen as intertwined with the current political narrative, which emphasizes cultural and historical continuity. The Iranian government often uses the term 'Persian' in official contexts, especially in relation to Persian literature, art, and cultural heritage, to emphasize the nation's rich history.

The Role of Language

Language Names: The language spoken in Iran is officially known as 'Dari,' which is a short form of 'Darbari' (meaning 'government language'). This term reflects the language's development during the Seljuk period, as a language used in government and administration.

It is important to note that while 'Persian' is the more commonly used term in English, many Iranians, regardless of their preferred identity label, use and appreciate the term 'Dari' as the official name for their language. The language's original name is also used by neighboring countries, such as Tajikistan, where it is known as 'Tajiki,' and Afghanistan, where the dialect is called 'Dari.'

Across the border in Iran, some ethnic groups still use terms like 'Tat' or 'Tajik' for themselves, reflecting their unique identities and histories. For example, in Iran, some Turkic-speaking groups refer to themselves as 'Tat' or 'Azeri,' while others like the Kurds maintain their distinct ethnic identity.

Conclusion

Whether an Iranian prefers to be called 'Persian' or 'Iranian' is a deeply personal and cultural choice. 'Persian' represents a rich and ancient heritage, while 'Iranian' is an inclusive and modern civic identity. Both terms carry significant meaning and reflect the diverse nature of Iranian culture and nationality. Understanding and respecting these preferences is key to fostering harmony and unity within the nation's multifaceted society.