Why Oliver Cromwell Chose to Be Known as Lord Protector

In the tumultuous years following the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell emerged as a significant figure and, uniquely, as a leader without a crown. The title Lord Protector was a strategic choice that reflected his ambitions and the political landscape of the time. Understanding the reasons behind this title reveals much about the political and religious shifts in 17th-century England.

The Background and Context

Oliver Cromwell's father, Robert Cromwell, had served in Parliament and was a staunch supporter of the Protestant Church and Protestant supremacy. This background influenced the political inclinations of his son. When Cromwell called himself Lord Protector, he was positioning himself as a new kind of leader capable of guiding England through its post-war challenges while maintaining a form of governance distinct from the absolute monarchy that had recently been overthrown.

Oliver Cromwell and His Nephew Richard Cromwell as Lords Protector

Oliver Cromwell followed by his son Richard Cromwell were the Lords Protector between 1653 and 1659. Richard, often seen as a figurehead, was appointed to take the role after his father's death. The choice to use the term 'Protector' for both father and son reflects the idea of continuing their reign without the burden of monarchical titles, perhaps as a way to emphasize their governing role.

The Title 'Lord Protector' and Its Origins

The use of the title 'Lord Protector' was chosen for a specific reason. In the 17th century, the concept of a figurehead with the title of 'President' did not exist. Instead, Cromwell wanted a title that carried a regal connotation. The term 'Lord Protector' had historical precedent as it was used by some regents in the past. One notable example is Lord Protector Somerset, who held the title during the early years of Edward VI's reign, around 1550. Somerset is remembered for his liberal approach to governance and his role in easing some of the more oppressive laws of Henry VIII while also overseeing the introduction of Protestantism in England.

Reasons for Choosing 'Lord Protector'

The choice of the title 'Lord Protector' was multifaceted, reflecting both Cromwell's personal ambitions and the political and religious realities of the time:

Constitutional Change and Law: Cromwell's title avoided direct association with the concept of 'divine right of kings,’ which suggested that the monarch was above the law. Under the Instrument of Government, Cromwell's constitution, leaders were subject to law, an important distinction from the absolute rule of a monarch. Religious Freedom: Cromwell came from an independent background and thus rejected the idea of a single state church, especially with a compulsory uniform form. The Presbyterian party in Parliament, which dominated, wanted a state church. Cromwell navigated this tension by not abolishing the state church but simply not enforcing it, allowing local churches to operate independently. Historical Precedent: The title was chosen in part to draw on historical memory. As Lord Protector, Cromwell looked back at the example of Somerset, who was a 'liberal' in the political sense, easing oppressive laws and promoting religious reforms. This historical reference was meant to appeal to the soldiers and the broader population who had supported Cromwell's cause during the Civil War.

Conclusion

Oliver Cromwell's decision to style himself as Lord Protector was a strategic move that balanced his ambitions with the political and religious realities of 17th-century England. It avoided the potentially dangerous aspects of a monarchical title while still providing a strong, regal leadership figure. Understanding the multifaceted reasons behind this choice provides deep insight into the complex political landscape of the era and the specific challenges faced by the post-Civil War governance of England.