Why Did American Jews Retain Their European Surnames More than UK Jews Who Often Anglicized Them?

Over the years, this question has puzzled historians and social scientists. This article aims to explore the reasons behind the differing practices of surnaming among American and UK Jews.

Change in Surnames During World War I

The widespread change in Yiddish surnames among British Jews during World War I is a significant factor. For example, my grandfather's family changed the surname Goldstein to a more British-sounding surname to avoid anti-German sentiment prevalent at the time. This change was not just a reflection of anti-German attitudes but also a broader trend of assimilation in Britain during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Immigration Patterns and Assimilation

The narrative of assimilation differs between the two countries. In the late 19th century, Britain placed significant pressure on its Jewish population to assimilate, which led to the modification of surnames and a gradual shift away from Yiddish. In stark contrast, American Jews maintained their European surnames and cultural practices throughout the 20th century, reflecting a more pluralistic society.

World War II and Further Anglicization

During World War II, even Jews who served in the British army had their names changed. This change was primarily for strategic reasons, to ensure that if they were captured by the Nazis, they would be treated the same as their Christian comrades. This further emphasizes the extent to which British Jews changed their surnames as a form of identification and protection.

Twentieth Century Name Changes in New York

Historical research by a historian friend who is writing a book on this topic reveals that in the state of New York, Jews, although comprising only about 5% of the population, were responsible for over 50% of the petitions to legally change their names. This trend is striking, and it occurred more frequently among Jews than other ethnic or religious groups in the 20th century. The study also indicates that the 19th-century practice of name changes was not limited to show business figures but extended to various segments of the Jewish population.

Modern Trends: Changing Names and Religious Affiliation

Interestingly, the research suggests that changing one's name today is more common among Muslim Arab and Latino families, suggesting that perceived prejudice is a factor rather than a direct indicator of religious affiliation or pride. This implies that the motives behind name changes have shifted over time.

Conclusion

The retention of European surnames by American Jews, in contrast to the widespread Anglicization among UK Jews, highlights the different paths of assimilation and cultural preservation in different societies. These differences are not just superficial but reflect the broader social, economic, and political contexts in which these communities lived.

The study of surnames and name changes among Jews across different time periods and geographical locations provides a rich lens through which to understand the broader dynamics of Jewish identity, assimilation, and the impact of social and political contexts on cultural practices.